Monkeypox Virus: Epidemiology, Transmission, and Clinical Management in the Contemporary Era

Abstract

Background: The monkeypox virus was first identified in 1958 in monkeys, with the first human case reported in 1970. Initially recognized as an endemic disease in certain African countries, its spread to non-endemic nations in 2022 raised global concerns.

Methods: This study is a systematic review conducted by searching reputable databases from 2010 to December 2024. Studies related to epidemiology, virus transmission, and preventive measures were included. Data were extracted and analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively from the selected articles.

Findings: Monkeypox is transmitted through direct contact with bodily fluids, sexual contact, and contact with infected animals. The disease is more prevalent in rural and underdeveloped areas. Human-to-human transmission has increased in non-endemic countries in recent years. Clinical symptoms include fever, headache, skin lesions, and severe pain in certain areas. There is no specific treatment, and supportive therapies and drugs like tecovirimat are used.

Conclusion: Monkeypox is a viral disease that spreads through both human-to-human and animal-to-human transmission. Prevention through vaccination, public awareness, and the use of personal protective equipment such as condoms and masks can help control its spread. Effective disease control requires rapid identification and preventive measures.