Kateb Journal of Medical Science & Biotechnology
Kateb Journal of Medical Sciences and Biotechnology, affiliated with Kateb University, is a peer-reviewed, double-blind, open-access scientific research journal published semi-annually, focusing on the fields of medical sciences and biotechnology. With a commitment to the advancement of specialized knowledge, the journal regularly publishes articles in diverse areas, including cellular and molecular biology, biotechnology, medical biology, pharmacology, genetics, clinical research, and other related disciplines. The primary objective of this journal is to enhance the production and exchange of knowledge within the realms of medical sciences and biotechnology through the regular publication of high-quality scientific research. It aims to facilitate research collaborations and address health and biotechnological challenges, particularly within the context of Afghanistan—an approach pursued to expand the frontiers of knowledge and provide scientific solutions for sustainable development. This publication welcomes original research and review articles from researchers addressing significant and contemporary issues in the field, presenting innovative and original findings within their respective areas of expertise. Manuscripts must be original, previously unpublished, and not under simultaneous consideration for publication in any other journal. General Information Title (English): Kateb Journal of Medical Sciences and Biotechnology Title (Persian): مجله علمی-تحقیقی علوم طبی و بیوتکنولوژی کاتب Publisher/Owner: Kateb University Publishing Body: Kateb University Scope: medical sciences and biotechnology Peer-Review Model: Double-Blind Review Year of Establishment: 2013 (originally launched as Kateb Scientific Quarterly) Date of National Accreditation: 13/05/2021 Accreditation/Rank: Recognized as a National Scientific-Research Journal (Ministry of Higher Education, Afghanistan) Average Time for Initial Review: Approximately 10 days Average Peer-Review and Acceptance Period: 2–3 months (minimum of two referees) Publication Frequency: Biannual (two issues per year) Languages of Publication: Persian (Dari) and English Format: Electronic and limited print edition Access Policy: Free and Open Access (full text) Print ISSN: 2789-1178 Online ISSN: 2789-1186 Citation Style: Vancouver
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Afghanistan (2015–2025): A Systematic Review of Prevalence and Determinants
Background: Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is a rapidly growing public health concern in Afghanistan, reflecting global trends in the increase of non-communicable diseases. However, the country’s fragile healthcare infrastructure, prolonged socioeconomic instability, and limited preventive strategies make a unique epidemiological context that may worsen disease burden and outcomes. Objective: This systematic review aims to synthesize available evidence on the prevalence, temporal trends, and key determinants of T2DM in Afghanistan between 2015 and 2025. Methods: A systematic review with narrative synthesis was conducted using studies retrieved from PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, Web of Science, and relevant grey literature. Eligible studies included observational studies on adult populations in Afghanistan that reported T2DM prevalence and associated risk factors. Due to methodological heterogeneity, findings were synthesized thematically rather than through meta-analysis. Results: Evidence indicates a rising and consistently high prevalence of T2DM, generally ranging from approximately 9% to over 20%, with higher rates observed in urban populations. Major determinants include physical inactivity, dietary transitions toward high-calorie and low-fiber foods, obesity, and socioeconomic constraints. Health system limitations—particularly inadequate screening, delayed diagnosis, and poor continuity of care—contribute substantially to undiagnosed and poorly controlled cases. Additionally, gender disparities and rural–urban differences significantly affect disease distribution and management outcomes. Conclusion: T2DM in Afghanistan is a growing and multifactorial health challenge driven by both modifiable lifestyle factors and systemic healthcare weaknesses. Addressing this burden requires integrated national strategies focused on early detection, strengthening primary healthcare systems, improving public awareness, and promoting preventive interventions. Without coordinated action, the prevalence and complications of T2DM are likely to continue increasing.
Copyright (c) 2026 Kateb Journal of Medical Science & Biotechnology
Awareness of Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA) and Associated Risks Among Youths in West Kabul: A Cross-Sectional Study
Background: Cerebrovascular accident (CVA), also known as stroke, is a leading cause of death and disability in the world. Although more common in older people, its causative factors—hypertension, cigarette smoking, obesity, and lack of exercise—are fast becoming common in young individuals. Understanding stroke warning signs and prevention is of primary importance. Objective: To assess the level of awareness of cerebrovascular accident (CVA), including risk factors, warning signs, and complications, among youths aged 18–25 years in West Kabul. Methods: 1,800 young people (900 men and 900 women) aged 18–25 years were surveyed using convenience sampling from schools, universities, public spaces and community centers. Data was collected using a validated questionnaire on demographics, CVA awareness, risk factors, and warning signs. SPSS was used for descriptive analysis of response. Informed consent was obtained from all participants, and ethical principles for human research were observed. Results: Among males (n=900), 79% were aware of CVA; however, only 29% correctly identified major risk factors. Among females (n=900), 67% reported overall awareness, but only 34% accurately identified causes and risk determinants. A significant majority held misconceptions about lifestyle risks and warning signs, such as sudden weakness or speech difficulty. Good knowledge of CVA complications, including paralysis and permanent disability, was observed in only 24% of males and 30% of females. Conclusion: While most of the youths in West Kabul have a good understanding of CVA, proper awareness of risk factors, warning signs, and complications is not widespread. Less than one-third had high awareness, and this necessitates education specifically to this population. School programs and community outreach should be utilized to roll out stroke prevention programs to promote healthier lifestyles.
A Narrative Review on the Biochemical Effects of Drugs of Abuse on Liver and Kidney
Background: Chronic abuse of opioids, stimulants, and analgesic drugs is associated with significant biochemical, immunological, and oxidative stress–related alterations in liver and kidney function. Although the toxic effects of these substances have been widely documented, available evidence remains fragmented and largely substance-specific, with limited comparative analysis and insufficient focus on recovery following drug withdrawal. This review aimed to synthesize current evidence regarding chronic drug-induced organ toxicity and post-withdrawal biochemical recovery patterns. Methods: This narrative review analyzed findings from twenty peer-reviewed studies, predominantly preclinical animal-based investigations, with limited inclusion of available human clinical data. The review evaluated the effects of chronic exposure to opioids (tramadol, morphine, heroin), stimulants (amphetamine, cocaine, ketamine), and analgesics (acetaminophen and Tramacet). Biochemical and immunological parameters assessed included hepatic enzymes (ALT, AST, LDH), renal biomarkers (BUN and creatinine), oxidative stress markers (GSH, SOD, CAT, MDA), and pro-inflammatory cytokines (IFN-γ and IL-1β). Results: Acetaminophen exhibited the most severe hepatotoxic and nephrotoxic effects, primarily mediated through its reactive metabolite N-acetyl-p-benzoquinone imine (NAPQI). Opioids and stimulants produced moderate but clinically significant hepatic and renal injury, mainly through reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and mitochondrial dysfunction. Oxidative stress biomarkers demonstrated reduced antioxidant defense and increased lipid peroxidation across most studies. Post-withdrawal findings revealed only partial normalization of biochemical and inflammatory parameters, indicating persistent and drug-specific toxic effects despite cessation of exposure. Conclusion: Chronic abuse of opioids, stimulants, and analgesics can cause significant liver and kidney damage through oxidative and inflammatory mechanisms. Persistent abnormalities after withdrawal highlight the need for long-term monitoring and targeted therapeutic interventions.
Substance Abuse in Kabul, Afghanistan: Clinical Patterns, Comorbidities, and Healthcare Challenges
Background: Substance abuse represents a major public health problem in Afghanistan, with its high prevalence among adults aged 18 to 40 years. Besides social complications, there are physical and psychological complications. Consequently, it places a high burden on the healthcare system. Patterns, comorbidities, and healthcare challenges posed by substance use must be understood in order to intervene effectively. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 1,500 adults (aged 18–40 years) using convenience and snowball sampling in community and public settings across Kabul. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire adapted from previously published instruments and administered in local languages (Dari and Pashto). The questionnaire captured demographic characteristics, substance use patterns, clinical symptoms, and healthcare access. Descriptive statistics and cross-tabulations were performed using SPSS. Results: 68% of men reported substance use, primarily opioids (35%) and methamphetamines (25%). Malnutrition accounted for 45% of physical complications, infections for 12%, and anxiety for 25% and depression for 48% of mental health issues. 42% of women reported using cannabis and opioids, with fewer health issues. Misconceptions regarding the dangers of drugs were widespread, and only 30% had access to healthcare services. Conclusion: Substance misuse among Afghan adults constitutes a serious health problem in the 18-40-year-old age group, for whom access to healthcare itself is very challenging. Urgent interventions through community-based programs, awareness programs, and policy initiatives are required to reduce harms and improve public health outcomes.
A Novel Approach to Mitigating the Systemic Health Impacts of Postprandial Hyperglycemia
Introduction: Postprandial hyperglycemia (PPHG) is a common metabolic disorder in both type 1 and type 2 diabetes and plays a significant role in the development of microvascular and macrovascular complications. Elevated blood glucose levels after meals, through mechanisms such as oxidative stress, inflammation, and pancreatic beta-cell dysfunction, can lead to vascular damage and progression of chronic diabetic complications. Materials and Methods: This study was conducted as a narrative review. Scientific literature was searched in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar databases. Studies related to non-pharmacological and pharmacological interventions effective in controlling postprandial hyperglycemia including post-meal physical activity, consumption of fiber or vegetables before meals, vinegar intake, low glycemic index diets, insulin therapy, and GLP-1 receptor agonists were reviewed and qualitatively analyzed. Results: The reviewed studies indicated that inadequate control of PPHG is associated with an increased risk of microvascular complications such as retinopathy, nephropathy, and neuropathy, as well as macrovascular complications including cardiovascular diseases. Lifestyle interventions, particularly low–glycemic index diets and regular physical activity, play an effective role in reducing postprandial blood glucose levels. However, pharmacological treatments alone are not sufficient to achieve complete control of PPHG in all patients. Conclusion: Effective control of postprandial hyperglycemia requires a multifaceted approach that includes dietary modification, increased physical activity, appropriate pharmacological therapy, and careful blood glucose monitoring. Given the limited long-term evidence, future studies are needed to evaluate the sustained effectiveness of these interventions and to explore the use of novel continuous glucose monitoring technologies.
Prevalence of Bacterial Meningitis Among Children Under 13 Years of Age Attending Kabul Child Health Hospital in 1403: A Descriptive Cross-Sectional Study
Background: Bacterial meningitis is a serious central nervous system infection in children. Delayed diagnosis can lead to severe complications and death. Epidemiological data are limited in Afghanistan. Objective: This study aimed to determine the prevalence, common bacterial pathogens, age and gender distribution, geographic residence, and treatment patterns among children under 13 years admitted to Sehat-e-Tifl Hospital in 1403. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted on 1,700 children suspected of meningitis. Data were collected retrospectively from medical records and analyzed using SPSS version 26. The Chi-square test was applied (P < 0.05). Results: Of 1,700 suspected cases, 84 (4.9%) were confirmed as bacterial meningitis. The highest prevalence was in the 0 2 years age group (35.7%) and among males (55.9%). The most common pathogens were Streptococci (48.8%), Haemophilus influenzae (35.7%), and Neisseria meningitidis (11.9%). Vancomycin, alone or with ceftriaxone, was the most common first-line therapy. Conclusion: Bacterial meningitis remains a major health concern in children under 13 years, especially in early childhood. Early diagnosis, accurate documentation, and improved access to healthcare services are essential to reduce complications and mortality.
Prevalence of Chronic Dacryocystitis at the Teaching Eye Hospital in 1402
Background: Chronic dacryocystitis is a persistent inflammation of the lacrimal sac, usually caused by obstruction and infection of the nasolacrimal duct. It commonly presents with epiphora and mucopurulent discharge, especially in women and older adults. Objective: To determine the prevalence of chronic dacryocystitis according to age, gender, and laterality among patients attending a teaching eye hospital. Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional retrospective study was conducted using medical records of patients who attended Kadri Eye Hospital in 2023. A census sampling method was applied, including all diagnosed cases of chronic dacryocystitis. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics (frequency and percentage) and inferential statistics (Chi-square test). A p-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Out of 26,000 patients, 153 cases of chronic dacryocystitis were identified (prevalence: 0.59%). The highest frequency was observed in the fifth decade of life (26.8%), followed by the third decade (23.5%). Females were more commonly affected (73%) compared to males (27%), showing a statistically significant association (p < 0.05). The left eye was more frequently involved (40.5%) compared to the right eye (32.7%), while bilateral involvement was seen in 26.8% of cases. Conclusion: Chronic dacryocystitis showed a prevalence of 0.59% in this study, with higher occurrence among females and middle-aged individuals. Significant associations were observed between gender and disease occurrence.
The Global Impact of Preeclampsia on Maternal Mortality: A Comparative Analysis of Healthcare Accessibility and Outcomes in Low and Middle-Income Countries Comparing High-Income Countries
Background: Preeclampsia is a leading cause of maternal mortality, particularly in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) where access to healthcare services is limited. Despite significant advancements in prenatal care in high-income countries, preeclampsia continues to challenge healthcare systems globally, especially in regions with limited resources. Methodology: This analytical study examined recent literature and epidemiological data to assess the incidence, prevalence, and impact of preeclampsia on maternal mortality. Data were collected from studies spanning high- and low-income regions to identify risk factors, complications, and regional disparities in healthcare access. Results: Preeclampsia affects approximately 3-10% of all pregnancies worldwide, with higher rates observed in LMICs. Advanced maternal age, obesity, hypertension, and diabetes are significant risk factors, exacerbated by socioeconomic constraints in resource-poor settings. Preeclampsia accounts for 10-15% of maternal deaths, with LMICs experiencing higher mortality due to limited emergency obstetric care and delayed treatment. Preventive strategies such as routine screenings and early interventions have reduced complications and improved maternal outcomes in high-income settings but remain underutilized in LMICs. Conclusion: The findings emphasize the urgent need for expanded prenatal care accessibility, targeted training for healthcare providers, and community-based preventive strategies in LMICs. Addressing healthcare inequalities and implementing early detection programs are critical steps toward reducing preeclampsia-related maternal mortality globally.
Low- and Middle-Income Countries (LMICs)
Artificial Intelligence and Medicine: Threats and Opportunities
Background: Artificial intelligence (AI) is transforming healthcare by advancing diagnostic accuracy, optimizing treatment pathways, and enabling personalized medicine and efficient administrative processes. Despite these advancements, its adoption raises ethical, legal, and operational challenges. This review critically examines AI’s dual impact on healthcare by assessing its applications in diagnostics, robotic-assisted surgery, predictive analytics, drug discovery, and telemedicine while addressing key concerns like data privacy, algorithmic bias, workforce implications, and technological dependency. Methodology: A systematic review of peer-reviewed literature published between 2018 and 2024 was conducted using databases such as PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. Search terms included "artificial intelligence in clinical practice," "machine learning ethics in medicine," "AI-driven diagnostics," and "healthcare predictive analytics." Articles were selected based on their relevance to AI's clinical applications and ethical implications, emphasizing qualitative evaluations and real-world case studies in diagnostic imaging, minimally invasive surgery, pharmacological innovation, and virtual healthcare delivery. Results: AI has shown significant promise in enhancing healthcare outcomes, particularly in achieving diagnostic accuracies on par with or exceeding human expertise in imaging and pathology. It has accelerated drug development pipelines, improved surgical precision, and streamlined clinical workflows. However, the review highlights persistent challenges, including algorithmic bias, insufficient transparency in AI systems, and ethical concerns regarding patient data security. The findings also underscore risks of workforce displacement and over-reliance on automated systems in decision-making processes. Conclusion: AI is poised to revolutionize healthcare, yet its integration must be carefully managed to address ethical and practical concerns. Ensuring that AI systems are transparent, unbiased, and designed to augment—rather than replace—clinical expertise is essential. Future progress should prioritize ethical AI design, rigorous regulatory frameworks, and fostering synergy between AI technologies and healthcare professionals to maximize patient outcomes and system efficiency.
Artificial intelligence (AI) in medicine
Interconnected Impacts of COVID-19: A Meta-Analysis on Public Health and Economic Disparities
Background: The COVID-19 pandemic had profound and wide-reaching impacts on global public health and economies, with significant regional variations. This meta-analysis examines these impacts, focusing on mortality, long-term health effects such as Long COVID, and the pandemic's economic consequences, especially in vulnerable sectors. Methodology: This meta-analysis systematically reviewed 45 peer-reviewed studies from 2020 to 2023, examining the pandemic's public health and economic impacts globally. Studies were sourced from databases such as PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus. Data on mortality rates, healthcare system strain, mental health disorders, and economic performance were extracted, analyzed, and synthesized. Special attention was given to disparities between high-income countries (HICs) and low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), particularly regarding healthcare access, fiscal responses, and economic recovery. Results: Public health systems were overwhelmed worldwide, with the highest mortality rates recorded in the Americas and Europe. Long COVID affected 10–30% of recovered individuals, contributing to ongoing healthcare burdens. Mental health disorders, including depression and anxiety, increased by 25–30% globally. Economically, global GDP contracted by 3.5% in 2020, with the most severe declines in tourism, hospitality, and retail sectors. Job losses were concentrated in vulnerable groups, especially in LMICs, where recovery was slower due to limited fiscal resources and vaccine access. Conclusion: The COVID-19 pandemic revealed the interconnectedness of health and economic stability. While developed economies rebounded quicker, LMICs faced prolonged public health crises and deeper economic contractions. Strengthening healthcare infrastructures and fostering inclusive economic recovery are crucial for future resilience. Enhanced global cooperation is essential to mitigate disparities and ensure preparedness for future pandemics.
AStudy on the Role of In-Silico Methods in the Development and Discovery of New Drugs for the Treatment of COVID-19
Introduction: the rapid spread of the SARS-CoV-2 virus and the extensive global impact of COVID-19 have underscored the urgent need for discovering and developing new drugs. In silico methods, utilizing molecular simulations and computational techniques, have emerged as effective tools for identifying potential therapeutic compounds. These methods allow for the rapid assessment of drug effects before proceeding to laboratory and clinical testing. Objective: this study aims to investigate the role of in silico methods in simulating and evaluating potential therapeutic compounds for the treatment of COVID-19, with a particular focus on identifying drugs such as Remdesivir as effective treatment options. Methodology: this research was conducted using a library-based and systematic review approach. Data were collected from reputable scientific databases such as PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. The analysis of existing data from these sources was used to better understand the application of in silico methods in discovering new drugs. Results: the findings of this study indicate that in silico methods have been highly effective in identifying drugs like Remdesivir. These methods have successfully reduced the time and cost of drug research and have facilitated the identification of potential therapeutic compounds prior to clinical trials. Conclusion: this study highlights that in silico methods are powerful tools in the drug discovery process. However, the final validation of their effectiveness requires clinical and laboratory testing. These methods can serve as rapid and efficient solutions in global crises like COVID-19, aiding in the identification of effective drugs and combating emerging diseases.
The Prevalence of toxoplasmosis in pregnant women of Ningarhar Province (2023)
Toxoplasmosis infection is considered one of the most important international health problems, and our dear citizens are also suffering from this infection. This infection can also harm mothers and their children, as well as ordinary people, causing children suffering from insufficiency to death (such as neurological disorders, birth defects, blindness, heart attacks and miscarriages). Most of them are life-threatening. methodology This study was conducted in different areas of Nangarhar province from (25/2/1402) to (25/3/1402) in 600 pregnant women using a cross-sectional descriptive statistical method by randomization. results this research is being carried out in the entire province of Nangarhar (center and district) and it is not possible to carry out this research in these areas and we do not have the possibilities; That's why I used the above method. In this way, in 21 districts of Nangarhar province, voting was done in four big districts and Jalalabad city in two districts out of six districts. In Nangarhar province, the main ways of spreading this disease are cats, animals, soil, vegetables and contact with dirty water. 2 percent, in the third decade (10/2 percent) and in the fourth decade (12/7 percent). This infection exists in different stages of age, in the second decade (8) positive cases, which is (7/2) percent; in the third decade, 22 positive cases (10/5 percent, in the fourth decade) 28 (Incidents positive) 12/7 (percent) which is the highest percentage.
Overcoming Barriers to Renal Transplantation in Afghanistan: Challenges and Opportunities
Background: Renal transplantation has become a crucial treatment for end-stage renal disease (ESRD), significantly improving patient quality of life and longevity. Initially confined to high-income countries, it has expanded to include developing regions like Afghanistan, where access remains limited. In Afghanistan, barriers such as economic constraints, cultural and religious stigmas, and a shortage of healthcare professionals pose significant challenges. Political instability further complicates the ability to deliver and access this life-saving treatment, creating a complex landscape for patients and healthcare Objective. Methodology: This review explores the challenges and opportunities surrounding renal transplantation in Afghanistan through a qualitative approach. A comprehensive literature review was conducted using peer-reviewed articles, health organization reports, and governmental documents. Interviews and surveys from health organizations provided additional insights into patient experiences and healthcare provider challenges. Data validation was achieved by cross-referencing findings from multiple sources, presenting a balanced view of the current state of renal transplantation in Afghanistan. Findings: Renal transplantation in Afghanistan faces significant challenges, including high costs, cultural and religious stigmas, a severe shortage of trained healthcare professionals, and inadequate infrastructure. Political instability disrupts the supply chain for essential medical resources, exacerbating these issues. Addressing these challenges requires a coordinated effort to improve access, promote cultural awareness, and ensure affordable healthcare services, supported by international cooperation. Conclusion: Improving renal transplantation in Afghanistan necessitates overcoming economic, cultural, and healthcare workforce barriers. Strengthening healthcare infrastructure, ensuring affordable access to post-transplant medications, and fostering international cooperation are crucial steps. Addressing these challenges could significantly improve patient outcomes, providing hope for those suffering from ESRD and contributing to a more equitable healthcare system in the region.
Pregnancy in a Non-Communicating Rudimentary Horn of a Unicornuate Uterus Complicated by Uterine Rupture: A Case Report from Afghanistan
Background: Pregnancy in a non-communicating rudimentary horn of a unicornuate uterus is an extremely rare obstetric complication with significant risks, including uterine rupture and maternal mortality. This condition poses diagnostic and management challenges, especially in resource-limited settings. Case Presentation: We report the case of an 18-year-old woman from Wardak Province, Afghanistan, presenting with severe abdominal pain, hypotension, and a history of amenorrhea for four months. Clinical and ultrasound findings revealed a ruptured ectopic pregnancy with hemoperitoneum. Surgical exploration confirmed pregnancy in a non-communicating rudimentary horn of a unicornuate uterus, leading to uterine rupture. The patient underwent a successful laparotomy, including evacuation of a deceased fetus, excision of the rudimentary horn, and abdominal lavage. She received multiple blood transfusions and was discharged in stable condition after three days. Discussion: This case highlights the diagnostic challenges and life-threatening complications associated with rudimentary horn pregnancies. Early diagnosis using imaging and timely surgical intervention are critical to optimizing maternal outcomes. The unique challenges posed by this condition in resource-limited settings underscore the importance of awareness among healthcare providers and prompt referral systems. Conclusion: Pregnancy in a rudimentary horn of a unicornuate uterus is a rare and life-threatening condition. This case demonstrates the importance of early recognition, timely surgical management, and postoperative care to prevent severe maternal morbidity and mortality.
Monkeypox Virus: Epidemiology, Transmission, and Clinical Management in the Contemporary Era
Background: The monkeypox virus was first identified in 1958 in monkeys, with the first human case reported in 1970. Initially recognized as an endemic disease in certain African countries, its spread to non-endemic nations in 2022 raised global concerns. Methods: This study is a systematic review conducted by searching reputable databases from 2010 to December 2024. Studies related to epidemiology, virus transmission, and preventive measures were included. Data were extracted and analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively from the selected articles. Findings: Monkeypox is transmitted through direct contact with bodily fluids, sexual contact, and contact with infected animals. The disease is more prevalent in rural and underdeveloped areas. Human-to-human transmission has increased in non-endemic countries in recent years. Clinical symptoms include fever, headache, skin lesions, and severe pain in certain areas. There is no specific treatment, and supportive therapies and drugs like tecovirimat are used. Conclusion: Monkeypox is a viral disease that spreads through both human-to-human and animal-to-human transmission. Prevention through vaccination, public awareness, and the use of personal protective equipment such as condoms and masks can help control its spread. Effective disease control requires rapid identification and preventive measures.
The Impact of Childbirth Preparation Classes on Reducing Fear of Natural Childbirth
Background: Pregnancy and childbirth is a special grace of God who has entrusted the preservation of the human race since the beginning of human creation. Studies show that one out of every five pregnant women experiences fear of childbirth. Fear of childbirth has been associated with increased labor pain, prolonged labor, and unpleasant labor experience. The most common reason for the request of primiparous women to perform a cesarean section is the fear of childbirth. One of the ways to reduce the fear and rate of cesarean section is to educate pregnant women and prepare them for natural delivery. The aim of this study is to investigate the impact of childbirth preparation classes on reducing fear of natural childbirth. Research materials and methods: In this study, a review of the impact of birth preparation classes on reducing the fear of natural childbirth from reference and related books and articles related to the research topic from scientific databases such as WHO, Google scholar, Mag Iran, pubmed, SIDs from 2000 to now were searched and included in the research based on the relevance to the subject of this study. And also in this research, the researcher conducted research for two months in hospitals and examined houses and directly interviewed and consulted women, which led to a reduction in their fear of natural childbirth. Findings: By reviewing 40 English and Farsi articles, it was found that there is a direct relationship between the level of awareness and attitude towards natural childbirth, and it is possible to encourage women to choose the natural childbirth method by increasing the level of awareness and as a result changing the attitude of women. Women stated their main reason for choosing a cesarean section was the fear of childbirth pains, and also women consider natural childbirth more scary and tiring, and that their knowledge about childbirth is low, and these women have been given little education about childbirth pain. Conclusion: It seems that participating in childbirth preparation classes is effective in empowering pregnant mothers and has also reduced mothers' anxiety and fear of childbirth, so it is recommended to encourage mothers to actively participate in these classes.
Descriptive Study on the Management of Urinary Tract Infections at National and Specialized Police Hospital in 2023
Background: Urinary tract infection are a general term, which refers to infections that affect any part of the urinary tract, including kidneys, ureters and bladder. Urinary tract infections are the second most common bacterial infection and one of the frequent reasons for prescribing antibiotics. There is a growing concern about the relationship between the use of antibiotics and the development of acquired infectious resistance, which highlights the need to recommend appropriate antibiotics. Method & Materials: This descriptive study, was conducted on 400 patients with urinary tract infections who referred to the national and specialized police hospital during the year 1401 AH, who were treated with different types of antibiotics. Results: In this study, among the 400 patients, 55.75% of them were men and 44.25% were women. The disease more affected people in age group between 18 – 28 years, which include 47.25% of all cases. The disease affected mostly married people, for which the percentage received is 63.75%. The most common oral recommended drug was ciprofloxacin (26.5%) and most used parenteral drug was ceftriaxone (9.25%). Conclusion: The study shows that the disease affects more men than women and affects people more in the second decade of life. The most common drug recommended in the treatment of the disease is ciprofloxacin.
National and specialized police hospital
The study Investigation the prevalence of neonatal sepsis during the last six months of year2022 in neonatal ward of Maiwand teaching hospital
Background: Neonatal sepsis is a systemic inflammatory reaction against infection that occurs in the first 28 days of life. Neonatal sepsis is one of the main causes of disability and death in the neonatal period all over the world. In the whole world, approximately 1.6 million deaths occur annually due to neonatal sepsis, and 40% of them are in developing countries. Objective: Finding the prevalence of neonatal sepsis among hospitalized babies during the second six months of 1401, who were admitted to Maiwand teaching hospital. Methodology: This research is a descriptive cross-sectional type and was conducted during the second six months of 1401 and using documents of 222 infants admitted to Maiwand teaching hospital. Results: in general, the number of newborns admitted to Maiwand Teaching Hospital during the second six months of 1401 was 222, and the prevalence of neonatal sepsis was found in 194 or 87.39% of newborns. Among these, 105 or 54.12% are male babies, and 89 or 45.88% are female babies. In this research, 28.35% or 55 babies had early sepsis, and 139 or 71.65% had late sepsis. Conclusion: The prevalence of neonatal sepsis in this research was 87.39%, of which 105 or 54.12% were boys, 89 or 45.88% were girls, 55 or 28.35% had early sepsis and 139 or 71.65% had The late sepsis. Keywords: neonatal sepsis, prevalence, Maiwand teaching hospital.
Risk Factors for the Incidence of Breast Cancer in Postmenopausal Women
Background: Menopause is a natural physiological phenomenon marking the end of a woman's reproductive years. This period can impact various aspects of women's physical and mental health. Among the health concerns during this phase is an increased risk of breast cancer. This study aims to identify and investigate the risk factors for breast cancer incidence in postmenopausal women. Methods: This research is a descriptive review systematically conducted by examining relevant scientific literature. Necessary data were collected and analyzed using a documentary method, through searches in scientific databases and the study of reputable reference books and scientific articles. Findings and Results: The findings indicate that a family history of breast cancer in second-degree relatives, age at first delivery between 18 and 35 years, and the presence of benign breast masses are significant risk factors for breast cancer in women under 50. Furthermore, a significant association exists between marital status and breast cancer incidence. Some studies have pointed to a positive correlation between the number of abortions and the development of breast cancer. The most prominent risk factors identified include physical inactivity, breastfeeding duration of less than two years, a high body mass index (BMI > 30), and exposure to secondhand smoke at home. Conclusion: The research findings suggest that preventing modifiable factors such as obesity and physical inactivity, along with increasing awareness about healthy lifestyle choices, can be effective in reducing the risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women.
Demographic and Associated Factors Influencing Addiction Among Adults in Kabul, Afghanistan
Background: Substance addiction poses a critical public health challenge globally, with increasing prevalence in low-income, conflict-affected countries such as Afghanistan. Despite widespread drug use, limited empirical research has explored the demographic and socio-contextual factors influencing addiction in Kabul, the nation’s capital. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of substance use and examine the associated demographic, economic, and social factors contributing to addiction among adults in Kabul, Afghanistan. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 82 adults aged 18–60 years in Kabul. Participants were selected through purposive sampling. Data were collected using a structured, pre-tested questionnaire covering socio-demographic characteristics, substance use history, and associated risk factors. Descriptive statistics and Somers’ D correlation were used to analyze the data using SPSS version 26. Results: The majority of participants were male (95.1%) and between the ages of 20–30 years (42.7%). Opium was the most commonly used substance (57.3%), followed by hashish (34.1%). Key risk factors included unemployment (93.9%), frequent association with addicts (97.6%), and ease of access to drugs (84.1%). A strong peer influence was observed, with 82.9% reporting increased drug use in the presence of addicted friends. Somers’ D correlation confirmed significant associations between addiction and ease of access, family conflict, and peer networks. Conclusion: The findings highlight a complex interplay between socio-economic hardship, peer influence, and drug accessibility in driving addiction among adults in Kabul. Addressing these factors through community-level interventions, employment support, and peer-based harm reduction strategies is essential for effective addiction prevention and treatment in Afghanistan.
Awareness of Hypertension and Its Risks Among Youths in West Kabul: A Cross-Sectional Study
Background: Hypertension is a leading global health risk, often silent yet significantly contributing to heart disease, stroke, and kidney failure. Its prevention relies heavily on public awareness, particularly among youths. This study examines youth awareness of hypertension, its risk factors, and complications in West Kabul, amid rising incidence due to lifestyle and urbanization. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 400 youths (aged 17–21) in West Kabul using convenience sampling. Participants were recruited from schools, community centers, and public spaces. Data were gathered through a pretested, structured questionnaire assessing demographics, hypertension knowledge, and awareness of risk factors. The questionnaire was validated by public health experts, and responses were analyzed using SPSS with results presented descriptively. Results: Among male respondents (n=200), 82.5% knew about hypertension, but just 32% knew of its important risk factors. Similarly, among female respondents (n=200), 64% knew about hypertension, but just 38.5% knew of its causes accurately. A majority of respondents (male and female) held mistaken perceptions about the dietary and lifestyle risk determinants for hypertension. Moreover, only 26% of men and 31% of women indicated a good understanding of the hypertension consequences. Conclusion: While most youths in West Kabul know about hypertension, its risk factors and causes are understood by few. Less than 32% of men and 38.5% of women know the major risk factors for hypertension and therefore we require targeted health education. Our recommendation is to include awareness about hypertension in school curricula and start culturally sensitive outreach so that preventive lifestyle changes can be promoted among youths.
A Study of Comminuted Mandibular Fractures at the National and Specialized Police Hospital in 2020
Background and Objectives: Mandibular fractures, particularly comminuted fractures, are among the most common and complex injuries encountered in maxillofacial trauma. These fractures primarily result from severe impacts due to war-related incidents, traffic accidents, and falls from height. This study aimed to investigate the incidence, clinical characteristics, and treatment outcomes of patients with such fractures at the Police National and Specialty Hospital in the solar year 1399 (2020-2021 CE). Materials and Methods: This descriptive case series study was conducted in the Department of Maxillofacial Surgery at the Police National and Specialty Hospital during the solar year 1399. Thirty-eight military personnel with comminuted mandibular fractures sustained in war-related incidents were enrolled after hospitalization and indication for surgical intervention. Necessary data were extracted and analyzed from patient records. Findings: Out of 39,600 patient admissions, 2,325 trauma cases were recorded, with 38 (1.6%) presenting with comminuted mandibular fractures. The most common causes of injury included gunshot wounds (71%), mine explosions (15.7%), and traffic accidents (13.1%). All cases required surgical treatment, which involved internal fixation (57.8%) and external fixation (42.1%). Complications reported included aesthetic deformities, masticatory problems, tissue defects, and numbness in the affected area. Conclusion: Comminuted mandibular fractures pose a significant challenge for maxillofacial surgeons due to their inherent complexity. Appropriate management, based on the degree of displacement, is recommended and includes intermaxillary fixation, plate and mini-screw osteosynthesis, and in more severe cases, the use of titanium mesh.
Rupioid Psoriasis with Psoriatic Arthritis: A Rare Case Report
Background: Rupioid psoriasis, a distinct and rare form of psoriasis, is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by thick, hyperkeratotic, circular or conical plaques with central umbilication and scale resembling oyster shells. Diagnosis of this condition can be challenging due to its clinical resemblance to other dermatological diseases, including syphilis, keratotic scabies, reactive arthritis, sarcoidosis, and disseminated histoplasmosis. Given the importance of early and accurate diagnosis for effective management, there is a recognized need to raise awareness regarding the clinical features and therapeutic approaches for this rare form of psoriasis. Objective: This study aims to enhance dermatologists' awareness of rare skin diseases and improve their ability to differentiate them from other dermatological conditions presenting with rupioid manifestations. Case Findings: A 21-year-old male presented with a two-year history of progressively worsening hyperkeratotic lesions distributed over the scalp, ears, face, neck, trunk, and extremities. He also reported intermittent episodes of severe pain and swelling in multiple joints, including the elbows, wrists, knees, and ankles. Histopathological examination of skin lesions confirmed the diagnosis of rupioid psoriasis. The patient was managed with systemic methotrexate, oral loratadine, topical corticosteroids, and intralesional corticosteroid injections, leading to clinical improvement. Conclusion: Rupioid psoriasis may be associated with intermittent and severe joint pain. Differentiation from other rupioid-like conditions, particularly secondary syphilis, is crucial. Methotrexate is an effective therapeutic agent for controlling both cutaneous and articular manifestations of the disease, and intralesional corticosteroid injections play a beneficial role in its management.
Prevalence of Vernal Keratoconjunctivitis at the Eye Teaching Hospital of Shahrara in1401
Background and Objective: Vernal keratoconjunctivitis (VKC) is a chronic, bilateral allergic inflammatory disorder affecting the conjunctiva, upper tarsal plate, and cornea, with a relatively low prevalence. It predominantly affects children and young adults aged 1 to 25 years, with a reported male predominance. The primary symptoms include intense pruritus, accompanied by epiphora, photophobia, foreign body sensation, and burning. Thick, rope-like mucous discharge is frequently observed on the eyelids. Additionally, pseudoptosis may occur. These signs and symptoms can fluctuate throughout the year, typically exacerbating during the spring and summer seasons and subsiding in colder periods. The disease presents in three main clinical forms: palpebral, limbal, and mixed. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of vernal keratoconjunctivitis (VKC) among patients who presented to the outpatient department (OPD) of a tertiary eye hospital in Shahr-e-Ara during the Hijri year 1401. Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study involved the collection and recording of data from the medical records of all patients who attended the outpatient department of the tertiary eye hospital during the Hijri year 1401. Results: Over a one-year period (from the beginning of Hamal to the end of Hoot 1401 AH), out of a total of 26,000 patient visits to the tertiary eye hospital, 312 patients were diagnosed with vernal keratoconjunctivitis. The prevalence of VKC at this hospital in the year 1401 AH was 1.2%. Among these patients, 228 (73.1%) were male and 84 (26.9%) were female. Conclusion: The prevalence of vernal keratoconjunctivitis at the tertiary eye hospital in the year 1401 AH was 1.2%, with males and individuals under twenty years of age exhibiting the highest rates of affliction. These findings may contribute to a better understanding of the epidemiology of this condition within the studied population.